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Comparative Studies on Solubility and Thermo Dynamics Properties of Natural Rubber Filled with CB/CPKS and CB/APKS Fillers

Received: 19 November 2020     Accepted: 21 December 2020     Published: 14 May 2021
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Abstract

In this research, the comparative studies on solubility and thermodynamics properties of natural rubber vulcanizates filled with blends of activated palm kernel shell and carbonized palm kernel shell has been investigated. Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) was locally sourced. washed and sun dried to remove accompanying and moisture. The PKS was then pulverized to particle size, carbonized at 600°C for one hour (1hr) using Carbolite furnaces and chemically activated using 0.1M H3PO4 and 0.1M KOH solutions. The NR-filler loading concentrations of CB/APKS and CB/CPKS were compounded using two-roll mill. The solubility was done using three different solvents of water, kerosene and petrol respectively. The solubility results obtained for CB/APKS and CB/CPKS has no significance difference as the temperature varies when immersed in water. The solubility values observed for CB/APKS and CB/CPKS ranges from 1.06g to 1.19g and 1.03g to 1.19g across the samples respectively. This shows that since the filler is an organic substance, it has little or no affinity for water. In the case of kerosene and petrol, both are organics and the filler is an organic substance which follows the statement ‘like-dissolves-like’ as the temperature increases, the absorption of kerosene is lower than that of petrol. The results recorded for kerosene across the samples of CB/APKS and CB/CPKS ranges from 1.18g to 4.37g and 2.02g to 4.79g while the results for petrol ranges from 2.25g to 4.92g and 2.51g to 4.88g respectively. This may be due to the fact that petrol is volatile and flammable compared to kerosene. The results of the activation energy were a reflection of the solvent’s permeability except for water which showed contrary results. The results of the activation energy obtained for the three solvents across CB/APKS and CB/CPKS were 5.55 KJ/mol for water, kerosene with 9.48 KJ/mol and petrol with 13.61 KJ/mol respectively. The results observed for water might be due to its nature as the universal solvent being entirely different from other solvents in terms of reactivity and anomalous property. This means polar solvents dissolve polar molecules while nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar molecules. This research shows that both CB/APKS and CB/CPKS possess great potential in rubber system.

Published in International Journal of Materials Science and Applications (Volume 10, Issue 3)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20211003.11
Page(s) 46-54
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Solubility, Thermodynamics, Activation Energy, Filler, Carbonization and Chemical Activation

References
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[2] Akporhonor E. E, Egwaihide P. A. and Okieimen F. E. (2007). Equilibrium Sorption Properties of Palm Kernel Husk and N330 Filled Natural Rubber Vulcanizate as a Function of Filler Volume Fraction, Scientific research and essay, 2 (5), 159-162.
[3] Ayo M. D., Madufor I. C. and Ekebafe L. O. (2011). Effect of Groundnut Shell Filler Carbonizing Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Composite. Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 21 (1), 55-58.
[4] Ekebafe, L. O., Imanah, J. E. and Okieimen, F. E. (2010). Physico-mechanical properties of rubber seed shell carbon-filled natural rubber, Benin City, Nigeria. Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly scientific journal, 16 (2) 149−156.
[5] Egwaikhide, P. A. Akporhonor, E. E. and Okieimen, F. E. (2007). Effect of coconut fibre filler on the cure characteristics physico–mechanical and swelling properties of natural rubber vulcanisates, University of Benin City, Nigeria. International Journal of Physical Sciences Vol. 2 (2), 039-046.
[6] Emmanuel O., Sangotayo, Itabiyi, Olukunle E., Adedeji, Kasali A., Adegoke, Tona, Elehinafe and Oluwatosin L. (2017). Characterization of Activated Carbon Produced from Agricultural Residue. Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 4 (6): 132-140.
[7] Frollini A. E., Leao L. H. C. and Matt O. S. O. (2002). Natural Polymers and Agro-fibers Composite, San Carlos, Brazil, 1st edition, 1-6.
[8] Gent N. and Lui G. L. (1991). Swelling and electrical properties of rubber vulcanizates loaded with paraffin wax. Journal of Polymer Science Polymer Physics, 29: 1313–1319.
[9] Henry C. O., Okoro O. and Igwe I. O. (2009). Diffusion Characteristics of Toluene into Natural Rubber/LLDPE Blends, International Journal of polymer science, 20, 1-6.
[10] Jeol R. F. (2005). Polymer Science and Technology, New Delhi: Prentice-Hall, Second edition, 359.
[11] Iannace S. Ali, and Nicolaise L. E. (2001). Processing Conditions on Dimensions of Sisal Bers in Thermoplastic Biodegradable Composites, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 79 (6), 1084 91.
[12] Letcher, Trevor. (2007). Thermodynamics, solubility and environmental issues. 1st edition. Amsterdam: Elsevierscience.
[13] Malomo D., Olasupo A. D., Adesigbin A. M., Egharevba O., Adewuyi S. O. Odubunmi J. O., Idemudia L., Abimbade S. F. and Ogunyemi E. K. (2020). Comparative Studies on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Filled with CB/CPKS and CB/APKS Vulcanizates, J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. 10, 3; 211-226.
[14] Malomo, D., Adesigbin, M. A., Egharevba, O., Bello, A., Adewuyi, S. O. and Idemudia, L. (2019). Physico-Mechanical, Solubility and Thermodynamic Studies of Natural Rubber – Neoprene Blends. J. Chem Soc. Nigeria, 44, 4, pp 718-725.
[15] Ogbeifun, D. E., Iyasele, J. U. and Okieimen, F. E. (2010). Physico-mechanical Properties of natural rubber vulcanizates filled with carbonized agricultural residues, department of chemistry, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. Journal of naturalsciences, engineering and technology, ISSN - 2277 –0593.
[16] Yakubu M. K., Gumel M. S., Umar A. and Metelerkamp R. (2010). Physic -Mechanical Effects of Surface Modified Sorgum Stalk Powder On Reinforced Natural Rubber, Journal of reinforced plastic and composites, 29 (18), 50-63.
[17] Yalkowsky, Samuel H. (1999). Solubility and solubilization in aqueous media, 1st edition. Washington D.C, American chemical.
[18] Ragunathan S, Hanafi I and Kamarudin H. (2011). Mechanical properties, water absorption and swelling behaviour of Rice Husk powder filled PP/RHP using silane as coupling agnt, Bioresources, 6, 70-78.
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    Malomo Dosu, Olasupo Abdulhakeem Dapo, Odidi Donald Okpo, Adewuyi Sulaiman Olalekan, Egharevba Owen, et al. (2021). Comparative Studies on Solubility and Thermo Dynamics Properties of Natural Rubber Filled with CB/CPKS and CB/APKS Fillers. International Journal of Materials Science and Applications, 10(3), 46-54. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20211003.11

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    Malomo Dosu; Olasupo Abdulhakeem Dapo; Odidi Donald Okpo; Adewuyi Sulaiman Olalekan; Egharevba Owen, et al. Comparative Studies on Solubility and Thermo Dynamics Properties of Natural Rubber Filled with CB/CPKS and CB/APKS Fillers. Int. J. Mater. Sci. Appl. 2021, 10(3), 46-54. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20211003.11

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    Malomo Dosu, Olasupo Abdulhakeem Dapo, Odidi Donald Okpo, Adewuyi Sulaiman Olalekan, Egharevba Owen, et al. Comparative Studies on Solubility and Thermo Dynamics Properties of Natural Rubber Filled with CB/CPKS and CB/APKS Fillers. Int J Mater Sci Appl. 2021;10(3):46-54. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20211003.11

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ijmsa.20211003.11,
      author = {Malomo Dosu and Olasupo Abdulhakeem Dapo and Odidi Donald Okpo and Adewuyi Sulaiman Olalekan and Egharevba Owen and Ehis-Iyoha Esohe and Momoh Dauda and Oseghale Faithful and Okpara Efe Godwin and Okoh Kenneth and Abimbade Sunday Felix},
      title = {Comparative Studies on Solubility and Thermo Dynamics Properties of Natural Rubber Filled with CB/CPKS and CB/APKS Fillers},
      journal = {International Journal of Materials Science and Applications},
      volume = {10},
      number = {3},
      pages = {46-54},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijmsa.20211003.11},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20211003.11},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmsa.20211003.11},
      abstract = {In this research, the comparative studies on solubility and thermodynamics properties of natural rubber vulcanizates filled with blends of activated palm kernel shell and carbonized palm kernel shell has been investigated. Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) was locally sourced. washed and sun dried to remove accompanying and moisture. The PKS was then pulverized to particle size, carbonized at 600°C for one hour (1hr) using Carbolite furnaces and chemically activated using 0.1M H3PO4 and 0.1M KOH solutions. The NR-filler loading concentrations of CB/APKS and CB/CPKS were compounded using two-roll mill. The solubility was done using three different solvents of water, kerosene and petrol respectively. The solubility results obtained for CB/APKS and CB/CPKS has no significance difference as the temperature varies when immersed in water. The solubility values observed for CB/APKS and CB/CPKS ranges from 1.06g to 1.19g and 1.03g to 1.19g across the samples respectively. This shows that since the filler is an organic substance, it has little or no affinity for water. In the case of kerosene and petrol, both are organics and the filler is an organic substance which follows the statement ‘like-dissolves-like’ as the temperature increases, the absorption of kerosene is lower than that of petrol. The results recorded for kerosene across the samples of CB/APKS and CB/CPKS ranges from 1.18g to 4.37g and 2.02g to 4.79g while the results for petrol ranges from 2.25g to 4.92g and 2.51g to 4.88g respectively. This may be due to the fact that petrol is volatile and flammable compared to kerosene. The results of the activation energy were a reflection of the solvent’s permeability except for water which showed contrary results. The results of the activation energy obtained for the three solvents across CB/APKS and CB/CPKS were 5.55 KJ/mol for water, kerosene with 9.48 KJ/mol and petrol with 13.61 KJ/mol respectively. The results observed for water might be due to its nature as the universal solvent being entirely different from other solvents in terms of reactivity and anomalous property. This means polar solvents dissolve polar molecules while nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar molecules. This research shows that both CB/APKS and CB/CPKS possess great potential in rubber system.},
     year = {2021}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Comparative Studies on Solubility and Thermo Dynamics Properties of Natural Rubber Filled with CB/CPKS and CB/APKS Fillers
    AU  - Malomo Dosu
    AU  - Olasupo Abdulhakeem Dapo
    AU  - Odidi Donald Okpo
    AU  - Adewuyi Sulaiman Olalekan
    AU  - Egharevba Owen
    AU  - Ehis-Iyoha Esohe
    AU  - Momoh Dauda
    AU  - Oseghale Faithful
    AU  - Okpara Efe Godwin
    AU  - Okoh Kenneth
    AU  - Abimbade Sunday Felix
    Y1  - 2021/05/14
    PY  - 2021
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20211003.11
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20211003.11
    T2  - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
    JF  - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
    JO  - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
    SP  - 46
    EP  - 54
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2327-2643
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20211003.11
    AB  - In this research, the comparative studies on solubility and thermodynamics properties of natural rubber vulcanizates filled with blends of activated palm kernel shell and carbonized palm kernel shell has been investigated. Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) was locally sourced. washed and sun dried to remove accompanying and moisture. The PKS was then pulverized to particle size, carbonized at 600°C for one hour (1hr) using Carbolite furnaces and chemically activated using 0.1M H3PO4 and 0.1M KOH solutions. The NR-filler loading concentrations of CB/APKS and CB/CPKS were compounded using two-roll mill. The solubility was done using three different solvents of water, kerosene and petrol respectively. The solubility results obtained for CB/APKS and CB/CPKS has no significance difference as the temperature varies when immersed in water. The solubility values observed for CB/APKS and CB/CPKS ranges from 1.06g to 1.19g and 1.03g to 1.19g across the samples respectively. This shows that since the filler is an organic substance, it has little or no affinity for water. In the case of kerosene and petrol, both are organics and the filler is an organic substance which follows the statement ‘like-dissolves-like’ as the temperature increases, the absorption of kerosene is lower than that of petrol. The results recorded for kerosene across the samples of CB/APKS and CB/CPKS ranges from 1.18g to 4.37g and 2.02g to 4.79g while the results for petrol ranges from 2.25g to 4.92g and 2.51g to 4.88g respectively. This may be due to the fact that petrol is volatile and flammable compared to kerosene. The results of the activation energy were a reflection of the solvent’s permeability except for water which showed contrary results. The results of the activation energy obtained for the three solvents across CB/APKS and CB/CPKS were 5.55 KJ/mol for water, kerosene with 9.48 KJ/mol and petrol with 13.61 KJ/mol respectively. The results observed for water might be due to its nature as the universal solvent being entirely different from other solvents in terms of reactivity and anomalous property. This means polar solvents dissolve polar molecules while nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar molecules. This research shows that both CB/APKS and CB/CPKS possess great potential in rubber system.
    VL  - 10
    IS  - 3
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Industrial Chemistry, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti, Nigeria

  • Department of Industrial Chemistry, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti, Nigeria

  • Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, Benin, Nigeria

  • Department of Industrial Chemistry, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti, Nigeria

  • Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, Benin, Nigeria

  • Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, Benin, Nigeria

  • Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, Benin, Nigeria

  • Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, Benin, Nigeria

  • Department of Chemistry, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria

  • Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, Benin, Nigeria

  • Department of Industrial Chemistry, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti, Nigeria

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